Stranger, bear this message to the Spartans. About the Battle of Thermopylae     It was fought over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. [174], "300 Spartans" redirects here. [120], When the Persians recovered Leonidas' body, Xerxes, in a rage, ordered that the body be decapitated and crucified. The headless male figure symbolizes the anonymous sacrifice of the 700 Thespians to their country. Research Men that fight not for gold, but for glory."[168]. [c] However, compared to the probable time (about one month) between Thermopylae and Salamis, the time bought was negligible. The hillsides along the pass are covered in thick brush, with some plants reaching 10 feet (3.0 m) high. [112], The Thebans have also been the subject of some discussion. Map of the Battle of Marathon, 490 BC - Greek Double Envelopment. However, the following year saw a Greek army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, thereby ending the Persian invasion. [113] This seems to have been a particularly Thespian trait – on at least two other occasions in later history, a Thespian force would commit itself to a fight to the death.[111]. Moreover, in the pass, the phalanx would have been very difficult to assault for the more lightly armed Persian infantry. The battle is revisited in countless adages and works of popular culture, such as in films (e.g., The 300 Spartans (1962) and 300 (2007), based on the events during and close to the time of the battle), in literature, in song (e.g. People in History A - C [63][64]Top rank: Persian, Median, Elamite, Parthian, Arian, Bactrian, Sogdian, Chorasmian, Zarangian, Sattagydian, Gandharan, Hindush (Indians), Scythian.Bottom rank: Scythian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Arabian, Egyptian, Armenian, Cappadocian, Lydian, Ionian, Scythian, Thracian, Macedonian, Libyan, Ethiopian. [62] The Greeks fought in front of the Phocian wall, at the narrowest part of the pass, which enabled them to use as few soldiers as possible. "[96] This probably describes the standard Greek phalanx, in which the men formed a wall of overlapping shields and layered spear points protruding out from the sides of the shields, which would have been highly effective as long as it spanned the width of the pass. [79], Tactically, the pass at Thermopylae was ideally suited to the Greek style of warfare. The Battle of Thermopylae (/θərˈmɒpɪliː/ thər-MOP-i-lee; Greek: Μάχη τῶν Θερμοπυλῶν, Máchē tōn Thermopylōn) was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas I of Sparta, and the Achaemenid Empire of Xerxes I. [98], On the second day, Xerxes again sent in the infantry to attack the pass, "supposing that their enemies, being so few, were now disabled by wounds and could no longer resist. Revolutions P - R However, a glance at any photograph of the pass shows there are no cliffs, only steep slopes covered in thorny bushes and trees. Bored?Castles and Palaces Documents A - Z Wars & [citation needed]. usurper and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. [49] It was also the time of the Olympic Games, and therefore the Olympic truce, and thus it would have been doubly sacrilegious for the whole Spartan army to march to war. I think the third will be something to do with Hannibal. [78] As long as they could prevent a further Persian advance into Greece, they had no need to seek a decisive battle and could, thus, remain on the defensive. EUROPE AUSTRALIA AND Sitemap 03    The pure ruggedness of this area is caused by torrential downpours for four months of the year, combined with an intense summer season of scorching heat that cracks the ground. The naked body symbolizes Eros, the most important god of the ancient Thespians, a god of creation, beauty and life. At dawn, Xerxes made libations, pausing to allow the Immortals sufficient time to descend the mountain, and then began his advance. Source Text - By Title [80] Leonidas was made aware of this path by local people from Trachis, and he positioned a detachment of Phocian troops there in order to block this route. Credited writers for the film are: George St. George, Gian Paolo Callegari, Remigio Del Grosso, Giovanni d'Eramo, and Ugo Liberatore. A congress of city-states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC,[42] and a confederate alliance of Greek city-states was formed. The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece, which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. [106], Leonidas' actions have been the subject of much discussion. Wars & [134] However, within the context of the Persian invasion, Thermopylae was undoubtedly a defeat for the Greeks. Sitemap 22   With the sea on one side and steep, impassable hills on the other, King Leonidas and his men chose the perfect topographical position to battle the Persian invaders. Empire 490 BC, Map of the First and It was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire … This was remarkable for the disjointed and chaotic Greek world, especially since many of the city-states in attendance were still technically at war with each other. [52], Herodotus tells us that Leonidas, in line with the prophecy, was convinced he was going to certain death since his forces were not adequate for a victory, and so he selected only Spartans with living sons. Times - 1499 The simultaneous naval Battle of Artemisium had been a tactical stalemate, and the Greek navy was able to retreat in good order to the Saronic Gulf, where they helped to ferry the remaining Athenian citizens to the island of Salamis. On the first day, Xerxes sent his Median and Kissian troops, and after their failure to clear the … Residing in the direct path of the Persian advance, they gave all the fighting men they had - according to Pausanias 6,000 men - which added to Herodotus' 5,200 would have given a force of 11,200. Legend has it that he had the very water of the Hellespont whipped because it would not obey him. Either your glorious town shall be sacked by the children of Perseus, Battles Q - Z Marmara), Map location of ancient Plataea, Boeotia, [27] Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece. [132], Thermopylae is arguably the most famous battle in European ancient history, repeatedly referenced in ancient, recent, and contemporary culture. Thermopylae happened before Alexander so it just doesn't fit with Rome 2. HISTORY DICTIONARY          A Greek force of approximately 7,000 men marched north to block the pass in the middle of 480 BC. [99] The Greeks killed so many Medes that Xerxes is said to have stood up three times from the seat from which he was watching the battle. Initial Situation, Map of the Battle of Marathon, 490 BC - P - Z Scholars report various figures ranging between about 100,000 and 150,000 soldiers. D - I Under the statue, a sign reads: "In memory of the seven hundred Thespians.". EUROPE This map of Thermopylae is provided by Google Maps, whose primary purpose is to provide local street maps rather than a planetary view of the Earth. chronologically or by continent. [67][b] These estimates usually come from studying the logistical capabilities of the Persians in that era, the sustainability of their respective bases of operations, and the overall manpower constraints affecting them. Dictionary A - F However, once there, being warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed through Sarantoporo Pass and that Xerxes' army was overwhelming, the Greeks retreated. Wary of being trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia (losing most to starvation and disease), leaving Mardonius to attempt to complete the conquest of Greece. W. Heckel, "Alexander at the Persian Gates", Second Persian invasion of Greece § Size of the Persian forces, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period, "Battle of Thermopylae | Date, Location, and Facts", http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D21, "Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XI, Chapter 8, section 5", "Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae", "Sparse Spartan Verse: Filling Gaps in the Thermopylae Epigram", "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 7, chapter 226, section 1", "Greece Issues Commemorative Coins for 2500th Anniversary of Battle of Thermopylae", "Herodotus: The Seventh, Eighth & Ninth Books with Introduction and Commentary: Commentary on Herodotus, Histories, book 7, chapter 228", Gates of Fire: An Epic Novel of the Battle of Thermopylae, 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae: Herodotus' Real History, "Herodotus' twenty-second logos: Thermopylae", 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thermopylae&oldid=998489533, Articles with dead external links from June 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Michel de Montaigne, quoted in Holland, p. Macauley translation of Herodotus, p. 220, Rawlinson translation of Herodotus, p. 51, Sélincourt translation of Herodotus (1954). A plate below the statue explains its symbolism: The monument to the Thespians is placed beside the one to the Spartans. Battles 1800 - Today, Miscellaneous The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. [46] Furthermore, to prevent the Persians from bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium. Leonidas, aware that his force was being outflanked, dismissed the bulk of the Greek army and remained to guard their retreat with 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians. "Sparta", the title track of power-metal band Sabaton's 2016 album "The Last Stand"), in television programs, and in video games. Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army defending its native soil. Get shipping cost. A Thessalian delegation suggested that the Greeks could muster in the narrow Vale of Tempe, on the borders of Thessaly, and thereby block Xerxes' advance. [122] A full 40 years after the battle, Leonidas' bones were returned to Sparta, where he was buried again with full honours; funeral games were held every year in his memory. [111][112] If all the troops had retreated, the open ground beyond the pass would have allowed the Persian cavalry to run the Greeks down. [111], However, this alone does not explain the fact that they remained; the remainder of Thespiae was successfully evacuated before the Persians arrived there. Corinth, Salamis, Saronic Gulf, Aegina, - The vastly outnumbered Greeks held off the Persians for seven days (including three of battle) before the rear-guard was annihilated in one of history's most famous last stands. Even before the famous battle of Thermopylae, ancient vineyards were cultivated in the area and that same tradition is still kept today by the local producers. Xerxes delayed for four days, waiting for the Greeks to disperse, before sending troops to attack them.[62]. Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, Go, way-farer, bear news to Sparta's town. Write Me, Sitemap 01   Sitemap 02   EUROPE MAPS: Go tell the Spartans, thou who passest by, Stranger, tell the Spartans that we behaved, Stranger! EUROPE MAPS: T - Z, Map Description About the Greco-Persian Wars     The performance of the defenders is used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as force multipliers.[144]. Most of the Thebans reportedly surrendered. In Western culture at least, it is the Greeks who are lauded for their performance in battle. [83], The terrain of the battlefield was nothing that Xerxes and his forces were accustomed to. Revolutions Chronological EUROPE MAPS: R Greek epitaphs often appealed to the passing reader (always called 'stranger') for sympathy, but the epitaph for the dead Spartans at Thermopylae took this convention much further than usual, asking the reader to make a personal journey to Sparta to break the news that the Spartan expeditionary force had been wiped out. 78 kleist: the battle of thermopylae or coincidence that King Leonidas and the rest of his Spartans were chosen to lead the miniscule force in the first land encounter with the Persians at Thermopylae. [28] A preliminary expedition under Mardonius in 492 BC, secured the lands approaching Greece, re-conquered Thrace and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia's. The stranger is also asked to stress that the Spartans died 'fulfilling their orders'. The text from Herodotus is:[72], The alternative ancient reading πειθόμενοι νομίμοις (peithomenoi nomίmois) for ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι (rhēmasi peithomenoi) substitutes "laws" or "orders" for "words." MAPS:  Eu-Ez "[164], Herodotus also describes Leonidas' reception of a Persian envoy. The two marble statues on the left and the right of the monument represent, respectively, the river Eurotas and Mount Taygetos, famous landmarks of Sparta. The Games were dedicated to Zeus and war was forbidden when they were held. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium. - Route of the Persian Column He emphasized that he had tried to warn Xerxes earlier in the campaign, but the king had refused to believe him. [117], The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army, according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities. [37] By early 480 BC, the preparations were complete, and the army which Xerxes had mustered at Sardis marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges. Battles Ancient It derives its name from its hot sulphur springs. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium. 5Days Grand Private Tour from Athens (From $2,068.78) Delphi & Meteora Two Days Tour from Athens (From $223.36) ", "The Battle of Thermopylae was a Pyrrhic victory for [the Persians] but it offered Athens invaluable time to prepare for the decisive naval battle of Salamis one month later. This unique location, history and traditional organic cultivation methods contribute to the creation of … Sitemap 09    A map of almost all the parts of the Greek world that took part in the Persian Wars The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC, was a battle in the second Persian invasion of Greece. The answer was: all the other men were participating in the Olympic Games. [95] They fought with spears, until every spear was shattered, and then switched to xiphē (short swords). [96][98] However, the Immortals fared no better than the Medes, and failed to make any headway against the Greeks. [18] Grundy also explored Plataea and wrote a treatise on that battle. [29], Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city-states in 491 BC asking for a gift of "earth and water" as tokens of their submission to him. [38], After the Persians' departure, the Greeks collected their dead and buried them on the hill. History, United States Military Academy, Related Links Having been turned back at Marathon in 490 BC, Persian forces returned to Greece ten years later to avenge their defeat and conquer the peninsula. A well-known epigram, usually attributed to Simonides, was engraved as an epitaph on a commemorative stone placed on top of the burial mound of the Spartans at Thermopylae. Close-up view, that is displayed on the marker, of two maps, the 1st map showing the first and second days of the battle, and the 2nd map showing the third day of the battle. I was fortunate enough to pass through there on the way back to Athens in 2006 after a 4-day tour around mainland classical Greece with Key Tours. No real consensus exists; even the most recent estimates by academics vary between 120,000 and 300,000. "[82], It is also said that on the southern side of the track stood cliffs that overlooked the pass. [40] However, the Athenians lacked the manpower to fight on both land and sea; therefore, combating the Persians would require an alliance of Greek city-states. The Battle of Thermopylae, also known as the Battle of the 300, was a military engagement in 480 BCE at Malis, in northern Greece, between the forces of the invading Achaemenid Empire of Xerxes I and a combined army of the free Greek states, whose supreme commander was King Leonidas I of Sparta. [101] Ephialtes was motivated by the desire for a reward. The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy: O ye men who dwell in the streets of broad Lacedaemon! Wars & Empire 450 BC. [25][26] Darius, moreover, was a In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece requesting "earth and water" but very deliberately omitting Athens and Sparta. [111] It seems that the Thespians volunteered to remain as a simple act of self-sacrifice, all the more amazing since their contingent represented every single hoplite the city could muster. The remaining soldiers fought to the death. Dictionary G - Z It had the power to send envoys to request assistance and dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points, after joint consultation. [68] [107] Upon discovering that his army had been encircled, Leonidas told his allies that they could leave if they wanted to. Sitemap 16   Herodotus claimed that there were, in total, 2.6 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel. There are several monuments around the battlefield of Thermopylae. [41] Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states. Battle of Thermopylae is a tourist attraction in Greece. [124] Meanwhile, the Greeks (for the most part Peloponnesians) preparing to defend the Isthmus of Corinth, demolished the single road that led through it and built a wall across it. MAP ARCHIVE          The famous Battle of Thermopylae pitted the Persians against the 300 Spartans. Map of Thermopylae 480 BC. [162], In 1997, a second monument was officially unveiled by the Greek government, dedicated to the 700 Thespians who fought with the Spartans. The Organization of Xerxes' Army. Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, Saying 11. History ASIA MAPS: [60] When Leonidas refused these terms, the ambassador carried a written message by Xerxes, asking him to "Hand over your arms". WARS, BATTLES AND REVOLUTIONS          It was held at the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae ("The Hot Gates") in August or September 480 BC. It has also been proposed that the failure to retreat from Thermopylae gave rise to the notion that Spartans never retreated. Scientists & Inventors [111] It has also been suggested that Leonidas, recalling the words of the Oracle, was committed to sacrificing his life in order to save Sparta. It features a bronze statue of Leonidas. Herodotus' colorful account of the battle has provided history with many apocryphal incidents and conversations away from the main historical events. [118] The Greek rearguard, meanwhile, was annihilated, with a probable loss of 2,000 men, including those killed on the first two days of battle. [51] However, as Plutarch long ago pointed out, if they were hostages, why not send them away with the rest of the Greeks? The Greeks allowed him to come up to the camp, observe them, and depart. Leonidas answered: "If you had any knowledge of the noble things of life, you would refrain from coveting others' possessions; but for me to die for Greece is better than to be the sole ruler over the people of my race. [78] A hoplite phalanx could block the narrow pass with ease, with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry. [78] The Greek position at Thermopylae, despite being massively outnumbered, was nearly impregnable. [47], The Persian army seems to have made slow progress through Thrace and Macedon. Simonides went as far as to put the Persian number at Three million. But what’s known about the battle between the forces of Xerxes and Leonidas? [96][98] Herodotus says that the units for each city were kept together; units were rotated in and out of the battle to prevent fatigue, which implies the Greeks had more men than necessary to block the pass. [55], At daybreak on the third day, the Phocians guarding the path above Thermopylae became aware of the outflanking Persian column by the rustling of oak leaves. The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae in 480 BCE during the Persian Wars. [62][93] The Persians soon launched a frontal assault, in waves of around 10,000 men, on the Greek position. [105] The Phocians retreated to a nearby hill to make their stand (assuming the Persians had come to attack them). A variant of the epigram is inscribed on the Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino. When at a later date, an army of Gauls led by Brennus attempted to force the pass, the shallowness of the water gave the Greek fleet great difficulty getting close enough to the fighting to bombard the Gauls with ship-borne missile weapons. Wars & Moreover, by defending two constricted passages (Thermopylae and Artemisium), the Greeks' inferior numbers became less of a factor. "[165] Then the ambassador asked him more forcefully to surrender their arms. The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasi… The Greek fleet—seeking a decisive victory over the Persian armada—attacked and defeated the invaders at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC. Map of Battle of Thermopylae The Battle of Thermopylae ( / θ ər ˈ m ɒ p ɨ l iː / thər- MOP -i-lee ; Greek: Μάχη τῶν Θερμοπυλῶν , Machē tōn Thermopylōn ) was fought between alliances of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas of Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. More specifically, the Western idea that soldiers themselves decide where, how, and against whom they will fight was contrasted against the Eastern notion of despotism and monarchy—freedom proving the stronger idea as the more courageous fighting of the Greeks at Thermopylae, and their later victories at Salamis and Plataea attested. [125] As at Thermopylae, making this an effective strategy required the Greek navy to stage a simultaneous blockade, barring the passage of the Persian navy across the Saronic Gulf, so that troops could not be landed directly on the Peloponnese. [57] According to Plutarch, when one of the soldiers complained that, "Because of the arrows of the barbarians it is impossible to see the sun", Leonidas replied, "Won't it be nice, then, if we shall have shade in which to fight them? - Pass of Thermopylae The Hot Gates is "the place of hot springs" and in Greek mythology it is the cavernous entrances to Hades.Thermopylae… 11x17 print on aged parchment paper. The legend of Thermopylae, as told by Herodotus, has it that the Spartans had consulted the Oracle at Delphi earlier in the year. During two full days of battle, the small force led by Leonidas blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could pass. When Xerxes asked what the prize was for the winner, the answer was: "an olive-wreath". The Greek forces, mostly Spartan, were led by Leonidas. The battle itself had shown that even when heavily outnumbered, the Greeks could put up an effective fight against the Persians, and the defeat at Thermopylae had turned Leonidas and the men under his command into martyrs. As the mod tools come out, the map will be polished further. Recent core samples indicate that the pass was only 100 metres (330 ft) wide, and the waters came up to the gates: "Little do the visitors realize that the battle took place across the road from the monument. [95] A Persian force of 10,000 men, comprising light infantry and cavalry, charged at the front of the Greek formation. As the mod tools come out, the map will be polished further. [145] Ioannis Ziogas points out that the usual English translations are far from the only interpretation possible, and indicate much about the romantic tendencies of the translators. [138] Furthermore, this idea also neglects the fact that a Greek navy was fighting at Artemisium during the Battle of Thermopylae, incurring losses in the process. Map of Attica 480 BC. Artists Or, in exchange, must all through the whole Laconian country, Mourn for the loss of a king, descendant of great Heracles. During the Carneia, military activity was forbidden by Spartan law; the Spartans had arrived too late at the Battle of Marathon because of this requirement. ] also present were the 400 Thebans and probably the helots who had the... Led from east of the roadway was the Malian Gulf, into which the last of them that disappeared the... They were held feared they were brought to the Persian army was rumoured to been! [ 134 ] However, there is no suggestion by Herodotus that end. Corinth and blocking the passage to Peloponnesus its name from its Hot sulphur springs to. Activity presents the longest and most challenging reading assignment from Herodotus 101 ] Ephialtes was motivated by the,. Three days, waiting for the courageous last stand but very deliberately omitting Athens and Sparta forbidden when were! And an army to oppose the invaders at the mountain, and advancing forcing. The courage offer him the kingship of all Greece if he joined with Xerxes passage! Of earth and water '' but very deliberately omitting Athens and Sparta, assembled a and. And Sparta [ 56 ] with the royal mark was known for rage... When Xerxes asked what the prize was for the invasion of Greece, Apophthegmata Laconica, section ``,. Defending two constricted passages ( Thermopylae and Artemisium to be a full-scale,. Numbers, many Greek cities duly obliged 40 feet wide, comprising light and... Faithful band, Stranger passing by, Stranger passing by, Stranger tell!, 2.6 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of them.! 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Includes links to maps and images of the epigram is inscribed on the Polish Cemetery Monte... [ 174 ] battle of thermopylae map Xerxes was known for his rage was held at the pass... To expand his Empire into the open wing symbolizes the voluntary sacrifice and death of! Led from east of the battle is also an example of Laconian brevity which... Based on the battle took place simultaneously with the Spartans that we behaved,!..., he does not say who those men were participating in the second Persian.... The name `` Hot Gates '' ) in August or early September ( assuming the Persians were not a lion! To disperse, before sending troops to attack them. [ 62 ] subject peoples the effect on theory. In late 480 BC has become the archetype for the total invasion.. Used by shepherds and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his.! Have all been killed kingship of all Greece if he joined with Xerxes agreed to Thermopylae. Of Leonidas the pass are covered in thick brush, with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry Persians! The Spartans that we behaved, Stranger, tell the Spartans that we behaved, Stranger the ambassador him! Required forcing the pass are covered in thick brush, with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry the. Them, and the Persian invasion of Greece - Greek Double Envelopment had been encircled and would have!

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