Unlike every preceding president-elect, Lincoln did not carry even one slave state. When the convention seated two replacement delegations on June 18, they walked out again or boycotted the convention, accompanied by nearly all other Southern delegates and erstwhile Convention chair Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former member of Franklin Pierce's cabinet. The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions. RepublicanAbraham Lincoln captured less than 40 percent of the vote but won a majority in the electoral college (180 electoral votes) by dominating in the North and the Pacific Coast to become president. In late … The election was the first of six consecutive victories for the Republican Party. [3], The first round of voting predictably produced a lead for Seward, but not a majority, with Lincoln in second place. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. He had also been abandoned by his longtime friend and political ally Horace Greeley, publisher of the influential New-York Tribune. Among the slave states, the three states with the highest voter turnouts voted the most one-sided. How about in 2012? Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party ran all against Lincoln in 1860. 1 decade ago. Nonetheless, different electors appeared in some counties for Breckinridge and Bell, resulting in lower totals for them and a split electoral outcome. The Fusion slate consisted of 3 electors pledged to Douglas, and 2 each to Breckinridge and Bell. "[16], Former Representative Gerrit Smith from New York. Bell won three Southern states, and Breckinridge swept the remainder of the South. This larger group met immediately in Baltimore's Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. The 1860 Republican ticket was the first successful national ticket that did not feature a Southerner, and the election marked the end of Southern political dominance in the United States. In three of the six "Deep" South states, unionists (Bell and Douglas) won divided majorities in Georgia and Louisiana or neared it in Alabama. The first 1860 Democratic National Convention adjourned in Charleston, South Carolina, without agreeing on a nominee, but a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president. Freehling, William W., The Road to Disunion: Volume II. Besides the Democratic Parties in the Southern states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration. Missouri convened a secession convention, which voted against secession and adjourned permanently. Meant all the southern delegates who walked out in Charleston left. The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th quadrennial presidential election. However, the "conditional Unionists" also hoped that when faced with secession, Northerners would stifle anti-slavery rhetoric and accept pro-slavery rules for the territories. [14] They met in the Eastside District Courthouse of Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the second ballot. He won 45 to 47 percent in Maryland, Tennessee and North Carolina and canvassed respectably with 36 to 40 percent in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. Instead, presidential ballots were printed and distributed by agents of the candidates and their parties, who organized slates of would-be electors publicly pledged to vote for a particular candidate. Breckinridge convincingly carried only three of the six states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi). [citation needed] However, Chase's firm antislavery stance made him popular with the radical Republicans. where he received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total). Douglas's support for the concept of popular sovereignty, which called for each territory to decide itself on the status of slavery, alienated many Southern Democrats. 2000? The 1860 presidential election showed how deep the sectional chasm in the United States had grown. Another bloc of Southerners resented Northern criticism of slavery and restrictions on slavery but opposed secession as dangerous and unnecessary. He withdrew from the race on August 16, and urged the formation of a Unified "Union" ticket in opposition to Lincoln. "Sectionalism and the Secession Crisis," in John B. Boles, ed., Grinspan, Jon, "'Young Men for War': The Wide Awakes and Lincoln's 1860 Presidential Campaign,". The Wide Awakes young Republican men's organization massively expanded registered voter lists, and although Lincoln was not even on the ballot in most Southern states, population increases in the free states had far exceeded those seen in the slave states for many years before the election of 1860, hence free states dominated in the Electoral College.[33]. Representatives: 1932 to 2010", United States presidential election of 1860, 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results, United States Presidential Election of 1860 in, Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts, 1860, Overview of Constitutional Union National Convention, Presidential Election of 1860: A Resource Guide, Bill Bigelow, "The Election of 1860 Role Play", elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, Notable third party performances in United States elections, South Carolina 1954 (Democratic Write-In), Third party officeholders in the United States, Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1860_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=999126219, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Abraham Lincoln, former representative from Illinois, Edward Bates, former representative from Missouri, John McLean, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, William L. Dayton, former senator from New Jersey, James Guthrie, former treasury secretary from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, senator from Virginia, Daniel S. Dickinson, former senator from New York, John C. Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States, Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi, John J. Crittenden, senator from Kentucky, Edward Everett, former senator from Massachusetts, William A. Graham, former senator from North Carolina, William C. Rives, former senator from Virginia, Gerrit Smith, former representative from New York. [26][27] Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia – the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing the expectations of him and his political allies. In a four-way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin emerged triumphant. Many Southerners saw the potential election of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the antislavery Republican Party, as a threat to their way of life and the harbinger of secession. In the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies, ballots for Lincoln were cast only in Virginia,[nb 3] Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sovereignty", was ahead on the first ballot, but was 56½ votes short of the secure the nomination. Retrieved July 31, 2005. The slate of electors were pledged to 3 different candidates: 18 to Douglas, 10 to Bell, and 7 to Breckinridge. When Douglas ran for reelection in 1858, Lincoln opposed him in Illinois. He gained great notability with his February 1860 Cooper Union speech, which may have ensured him the nomination. At Baltimore the Democrats nominated Douglas, who easily defeated Kentuckian John C. Breckinridge, the sitting vice president of the United States. [8] While the Seward forces were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known western upstart, they rallied behind Lincoln, while abolitionists were angry at the selection of a moderate and had little faith in Lincoln. If the President (and, by extension, the appointed federal officials in the South, such as district attorneys, marshals, postmasters, and judges) opposed slavery, it might collapse. Abraham Lincoln ran against Stephen Douglas in the 1860 presidential election. Eventually, the state party worked out an agreement: if either candidate could win the national election with Pennsylvania's electoral vote, then all her electoral votes would go to that candidate. The election of Lincoln led to the secession of seven states in the South before the inauguration and the outright secession of four more (plus the partial secession of two others) once the Civil War began with the Battle of Fort Sumter. (He also reiterated his opposition to slavery anywhere in the territories.) United States presidential election of 1860, American presidential election held on November 6, 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin’s book Team of Rivals chronicles their historic collaboration. Toward the end of 1859, D. W. Bartlett published in New York Twenty-one Prominent Candidates for the Presidency in 1860, and in early 1860 a Philadelphia publishing house printed John Savage's Our Living Representative Men, Prepared for Presidential Purposes. Abraham Lincoln, photograph by Mathew Brady. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861, Chadwick, Bruce. Breckinridge, with 18 percent of the national vote, garnered 72 electoral votes, winning most of the states in the South as well as Delaware and Maryland. "Lincoln for President: an unlikely candidate, an audacious strategy, and the victory no one saw coming" (2009) Ch. The incumbent president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor, Franklin Pierce, was a Northern Democrat with sympathies for the South. Between 1789 and 1860, Southerners had been president for two-thirds of the era, and had held the offices of Speaker of the House and President pro tem of the Senate during much of that time. The United States had become increasingly divided during the 1850s over sectional disagreements, primarily the extension of slavery into the territories. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876). In most of Virginia, no publisher would print ballots for Lincoln's pledged electors. It was that group that prevented immediate secession in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas when Like Lincoln, Breckinridge and Bell won no electoral votes outside of their respective sections. Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter from Virginia, Joseph Lane from Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson from New York, and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee, while three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi (the future president of the Confederate States) also received votes. The building had been the First Presbyterian Meeting House (Two Towers Church) on Fayette Street, between Calvert and North Street, demolished before 1866 and occupied by the United States Courthouse. Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, was lesser known, and was not considered to have a good chance against Seward. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, an outspoken, long-time abolitionist is chosen for vice-president The Republican convention was held in Chicago on May 16–18. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge garnered 18 percent of the vote and 72 electoral votes, winning most Southern states plus Delaware and Maryland. The delegates who walked out of the convention at Charleston reconvened in Richmond, Virginia on June 11. Texas was the only Middle South state that Breckinridge carried convincingly. After 1860 the Democratic and Republican parties became the major parties in a largely two-party system. It excludes South Carolina from the calculation, because in 1860 it chose presidential electors in the state legislature, without a popular vote. "[45]) Less radical Southerners thought that with Northern antislavery dominance of the federal government, slavery would eventually be abolished, regardless of present constitutional limits. 13 Answers. The name of its presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln, an ardent opponent of slavery, would not… Following on the heels of the Dred Scott decision of 1857, in which the U.S. Supreme Court voided the Missouri Compromise (1820), thus making slavery legal in all U.S. territories, the election of 1860 was sure to further expose sectional differences between those, especially (but not solely) in the North, who wanted to abolish slavery and those who sought to protect the institution. Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas took nearly 30 percent of the vote but won only Missouri’s 12 electoral votes. For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1856. Who ran against Lincoln in 1864? The Democratic Party held its convention in April–May 1860 in Charleston, S.C., where a disagreement over the official party policy on slavery prompted dozens of delegates from Southern states to withdraw. The standoff continued until mid-April, when Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Confederate troops to bombard and capture Fort Sumter. Thus 12 electoral candidates appeared on 2 tickets, Reading and Straight Douglas. Omissions? On election day Lincoln captured slightly less than 40 percent of the vote, but he won a majority in the electoral college, with 180 electoral votes, by sweeping the North (with the exception of New Jersey, which he split with Douglas) and also winning the Pacific Coast states of California and Oregon. stephen douglas abraham lincoln jefferson davis john c. breckinridge - the answers to estudyassistant.com 4 5. wichitaor1. States where the margin of victory was under 1%: States where the margin of victory was under 5%: States where the margin of victory was under 10%: Lincoln's victory and imminent inauguration as president was the immediate cause for declarations of secession by seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) from 20 December 1860 to 1 February 1861. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He engineered that the convention would happen in Chicago, which would be inherently friendly to the Illinois based Lincoln. Flag banner promoting Abraham Lincoln for the presidency in 1860. Sen. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, the champion of popular sovereignty policy, was the Northern Democrats’ candidate, and Vice Pres. Known almost exclusively by his got-up nickname "The Railsplitter," Lincoln had won the 1860 election in November with 39.8 percent of the popular vote. There were fears that abolitionist agents would infiltrate the South and foment slave insurrections. Unable to nominate a candidate (Sen. Stephen A. Douglas received a majority of the delegates’ support but could not amass the required two-thirds majority needed for nomination), Democrats held a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18–23, though many of the Southern delegates failed to attend. The 1864 election occurred during the Civil War; none of the states loyal to the Confederate States of America participated. Texas, with five percent of the total wartime South's population, voted 75 percent Breckinridge. In spite of his professed ill health, Gerrit Smith was nominated for president and Samuel McFarland from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president. Introduction. In theory, any document containing a valid or at least non-excessive number names of citizens of a particular state (provided they were eligible to vote in the electoral college within that state) might have been accepted as a valid presidential ballot, however what this meant in practice was that a candidate's campaign was responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (this service was typically done by supportive newspaper publishers). Lincoln's election served as the primary catalyst of the American Civil War. '04? In comparison, the six states of the Deep South making up one-fourth the Confederate voting population, split 57 percent Breckinridge versus 43 percent for the two pro-union candidates. Its platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the Southern states but opposed the further extension of slavery into the Western territories. By the time of Lincoln’s inauguration in March, seven Southern states had seceded, and barely a month after Lincoln became president, the country became engaged in civil war. William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase and Abraham Lincoln of Illinois are the leading contenders from a field of 12 candidates. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid secession by pushing aside the issue of slavery. Houston's supporters at the gathering did not nominate a vice-presidential candidate, since they expected later gatherings to carry out that function. The Democratic Party split in two. This was often referred to as the Reading electoral slate, because it was in that city that the state party chose it. Answer: 1 question Who ran for president as a republican in 1860? 10, Dubin, Michael J., United States Presidential Elections, 1788–1860: The Official Results by County and State, McFarland & Company, 2002, p. 187, Dubin, Michael J., United States Presidential Elections, 1788–1860: The Official Results by County and State, McFarland & Company, 2002, p. 188, United States presidential election, 1860, primary catalyst of the American Civil War, each territory to decide itself on the status of slavery, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 1848 presidential nominee of the original Liberty Party, National Archives and Records Administration, 1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, 1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, American election campaigns in the 19th century, History of the United States Democratic Party, History of the United States Republican Party, "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections", "Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections" (Miller Center, 2019), "Proceedings of the Republican national convention held at Chicago, May 16, 17 and 18, 1860 : Republican National Convention (2nd : 1860 : Chicago, Ill.) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive", http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/how-and-where-lincoln-won/, Getting the Message Out! Breckinridge also did little campaigning, giving only one speech. Decredico, Mary A. National Archives and Records Administration. Bell and Douglas both tried to tack towards a moderate position. His “main object,” he had written, was to “hedge against divisions in the Republican ranks,” and he counseled party workers to “say nothing on points where it is probable we shall disagree.” With Republicans united, and with division within the Democratic Party and surrounding Bell’s candidacy, the primary fear that Republicans had was that some disunity might appear and hamper their chances. There were no ballots distributed for Lincoln in ten of the Southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. [nb 2] The four states that were admitted to the Confederacy after Fort Sumter held almost half its population, and voted a narrow combined majority of 53 percent for the pro-union candidates. 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