It was sold misattributed as under Wencezlaus II. Again defeated by France (1799–1801), he elevated Austria to the status of an empire (1804) soon after Napoleon had made himself emperor of the French. 3. The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I (Franz I. Franz Joseph Karl, 1768-1835, aus dem Haus Habsburg-Lothringen war... Franz Stephan of Lorraine, December 8, 1708-18. From the day she was born, Maria Theresa was one of the most important people in 18th-century Europe. English: Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751-1825) and his wife, Maria Carolina of Austria (1752-1814). Francis II (1768 - 1835?) Upon the death of Charles Albert (1745), she secured for her husband, Francis, the imperial crown, which the law denied to women. In a famous “reversal of alliances” (1756) she threw over England, the old ally and “banker” of the Habsburgs, and allied herself with France, their ancient foe. Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Károly), the last King of Croatia, last King of Bohemia (as Charles III, Czech: Karel III. Practical, if not always fiscal, considerations, rather than doctrinaire humanitarianism, guided all of Maria Theresa’s reforms. August 1765, was first from Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I (Franz I. Updates? When she was 18, she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine. We Francis II., by the grace of God elected Roman Emperor, &c, &c. After the conclusion of the Peace of Pressburg Our whole care and attention was directed to the most complete discharge, with wonted good faith and conscientiousness, of all the engagements which We had entered into thereby, to securing the blessings of peace for Our people, to maintaining on all sides the … Portret van Frans van Lotharingen (Frans I), … The oldest surviving son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia. Leopold II was born on 5 May 1747, in Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, to Francis I and Maria Theresa. (She was the last of the Catholic monarchs to close its establishments.) On January 24, 1737 Francis received Tuscany from his father-in-law.Until then, Maria Theresa was Duchess of Lorraine. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Hungary: Francis I: the reform generation. Born in Portici, in Campania, the site of the summer palace of her parents, King Charles, King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Amalia of Saxony. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Maria Anna of Bavaria 11. The Diet was convoked simply to supply money…. Neither the peace of 1745 (by which Austria ceded Silesia to Prussia) nor the peace of 1748 (which ended Maria Theresa’s war with the rest of her enemies) ended her efforts to modernize the army. Omissions? Charles left the Habsburg state at the lowest point of its prestige, its coffers empty, its capital beset by unrest. Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. As late as 1779 she single-handedly frustrated another full-scale war with Prussia, risked by her self-opinionated firstborn, Joseph II, who on his father’s demise had become co-regent in the Habsburg dominions (and been elected emperor). Francis II (German: Franz II. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) [1] was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Her successful appearance before the refractory Hungarian Estates, ending with an appeal for a mass levy of troops, gave her a European reputation for diplomatic skill. Formerly HRE Francis II. Maria Theresa of Austria Queen of Hungary & … On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg(21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Theresa, The Catholic Encylopedia - Biography of Maria Theresa, History's Heroes? Francis III (born: Francis Leopold Ernst Albert Frederick von Habsburg) is the current reigning king of Austria and Bohemia. Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis II married four times: 1. On October 20, 1740, Charles VI died, and the war of succession he had striven so hard to forestall broke out before the end of the year. Maria Louisa of Spain 4= 4. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I of Austria 2= 2. In the further process of abolishing tax exemptions held by the great landowners, who dominated those assemblies, she hit on the notion of a “God-pleasing equality.” Yet she did not question the justice of the manorial lord’s claim on the labour of his hereditary subjects. Franz II would be the last Holy Roman Emperor. was the last Holy Roman Emperor, and as Francis I was the first Emperor of Austria. His life in Vienna was different from his happy and easygoing childhood. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 3= 3. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene … Realizing the need for a sizable standing army and in order to maintain one, Maria Theresa accepted the plans of Count Friedrich Wilhelm Haugwitz—the first in a succession of remarkable men of intellect she was to draw into her council. Francis II (German language: Franz II., Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He supported the conservative political system of Metternich … Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Upon her accession, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) erupted, challenging her inheritance of the Habsburg lands. Charles I or Karl I (Karl Franz Joseph Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria; 17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922) was the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary (as Charles IV, Hungarian: IV. Her refusal to negotiate with Frederick II (later the Great) of Prussia, who had invaded Silesia, her most prosperous province, appalled the senescent councillors of her late father. Francis I, (born Dec. 8, 1708, Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine—died Aug. 18, 1765, Innsbruck, Austria), Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. from 1737. Francis II (German: Franz II. Anúncios relacionados a: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wikipedia Maria Theresa’s father was the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI, and her mother was Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. “The peasantry must be able to sustain itself as well as pay taxes…,” she wrote. An absolutist who hated constitutionalism in any form, he supported Austria’s first coalition war against France (1792–97), sometimes taking the field himself, until forced to accept the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), by which the empire lost Lombardy and the left bank of the Rhine. She was the final Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria through her marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. She paid but scant attention to the global ramifications of the ensuing Seven Years’ War. The year 1809 saw Austria’s fourth unsuccessful war against Napoleon, during which Francis, always distrustful of revolutionary or even popular movements, abandoned pro-Habsburg Tirolese rebels to France and Bavaria. The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). From 1723 Francis, whose dynasty in Lorraine was closely connected with the Austrian Habsburgs, lived at the Viennese court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI. Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. French and British armies engaged at the Battle of Dettingen, June 27, 1743, during the War of the Austrian Succession. Married (2) Princess Maria Ferdinanda Biography. After the Congress of Vienna (1815), Francis supported his chief minister, Metternich, in the conservative and restrictive policies that became known as the Metternich system. However, their marriage never happened as Beatrice went on … 2010. Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717.Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.. Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (as Charles II), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Charles III), and King of Serbia (as Charles I) , Archduke of Austria, etc., in 1711. Francis II (Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after the decisive defeat at the hands of He was the first to be the Elected Roman Emperor and not crowned, as the journey to Rome proved to be a risky affair. Francis II, (born February 12, 1768, Florence—died March 2, 1835, Vienna), the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). Francis himself was present at many of the battles of 1813–14, which finally destroyed the French emperor’s power. Carlos III, pretender to the throne of Spain, later HRE Charles VI, 1711 ... the first Czech Holy Roman Emperor (1346-78). Within months of Charles VI’s death, Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, a Habsburg province, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession. Francis II (German: Franz II., Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led … Henry II (German: Heinrich II; Italian: Enrico II) (6 May 973 A.D. – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. Francis II., the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806. Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (1530). (Since nearly every major European nation coveted some part of the Habsburg domains, their consent to the Pragmatic Sanction must be taken as nothing more than an act of convenience.) 2. Francis I (Francis Stephen; German: Franz Stefan; French: François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was the Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1729–1737), and later Grand Duke of Tuscany (1737–1765), who married Maria Theresa of Austria and became Holy Roman Emperor (1745–1765) and Archduke of Austria (1740–1765). Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second son, Leopold. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor Maria Luisa was born a Princess of Naples and Sicily. Charles was the last surviving prince of his line, and, in an effort to preserve the Habsburg dominions, he issued the Pragmatic Sanction to allow Maria Theresa to succeed him. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another fir… She was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751–1825) and Marie Caroline of Austria (1752–1814). Born in Portici, in … The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution. Wi his wife, Maria Theresa, he wis the foonder o the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michel Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 1780 until his death. They married on February 12 in the Augustinian Church, Vienna. Ascending to the throne on the death of his father in 1792, Francis inherited the problems raised by the French Revolution. They had sixteen children who are named here: Last Roman Emperor and first Emperor of Austria (Francis I. dynasty. He was initially trained for priesthood. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Francis’ uncle, Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor, had no surviving children. In 1753, Leopold II was engaged to be married to Maria Beatrice d'Este. Maria Theresa, German Maria Theresia, (born May 13, 1717, Vienna—died November 29, 1780, Vienna), archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–80), wife and empress of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I (reigned 1745–65), and mother of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II (reigned 1765–90). Charles II, Archduke of Austria 9. Family: Spouse/Ex-: Maria Theresa father: Leopold, Duke of Lorraine children: Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria, Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, Duchess of Teschen, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II, Leopold II, Maria Carolina of Austria, Maria Christina, Marie Antoinette Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Thus in 1784, at the age of 16, he was sent to Vienna to be trained as a future king. Francis I (German: Franz Stefan, French: François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. Updates? The marriage was a love match, and 16 children were born to the couple, of whom 10 survived to adulthood. Corrections? ), Francis was the son of Leopold II., whom he succeeded in 1792. She emerged from it, her zeal for activity nowise impaired. Repressing liberalism and reinstituting much of the power of the Roman Catholic church lost under Joseph II, Francis was nevertheless a patron of the arts and sciences, and he did not hesitate to introduce innovations, such as steamships on the Danube, or to show an interest in the development of railroads. Therefore, the crown had to eventually rest on young Francis’ head. Moreover, she had entered into a treaty with Russia, a newcomer to European rivalries. NAME=Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Francis I of Austria SHORT DESCRIPTION=Deceased Monarch DATE OF BIRTH= February 12, 1768 PLACE OF BIRTH= Florence, Tuscany, Italy DATE OF DEATH= March 2, 1830 PLACE OF DEATH= Vienna, Austria. Maximilian I was the King of Romans who served as the Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519. The first significant event of his reign was the death of King Louis XVI of France in September 1793, which led to his aunt Marie Antoinette becoming regent for the eleven-year-old Louis XVII. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 5= 5. When Leopold died with tragic suddenness in 1792, his young son, Francis, delivered a coronation oath that went through the motions of conforming, but soon afterward he returned to the old ways. Francis I (German: Franz Stefan; Italian: Francesco Stefano; Scots: Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765)[2] wis Haly Roman Emperor an Grand Duke o Tuscany, thou his wife effectively executit the real powers o those poseetions. In the face of the opposition of many noblemen, she managed to reduce drastically (except in Hungary) the powers of the various dominions’ estates, which had held the monarchy’s purse strings since time immemorial. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 2. Maria Theresa is interred next to her husband in an ornate double sarcophagus beneath Vienna’s Capuchin monastery. Francis II, the last Holy Roman emperor (1792-1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804-35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792-1830) and king of Bohemia (1792-1836). ), and the last monarch belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine before the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In step with the enforced retreat of the church from secular affairs, she came to feel that it was incumbent on the state to control the intellectual life of its subjects. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Francis II, (born February 12, 1768, Florence—died March 2, 1835, Vienna), the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). Her father, the future Charles III of Spain, had become King of Naples … Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (= 12) 5. He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815). Francis II (German: Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. Check out this biography to know about his birthday, childhood, family life, achievements and fun facts about him. On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg(21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). They were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. dynasty. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014 until his death in 1024 and the last member of The Ottonian Dynasty of Emperors, as he had no children. Francis II married four times: 1. With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria , he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another fir… In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by 6,000 Austrians. from November 1780 until his death. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French . Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Corrections? A new public-debt policy, the settlement of the empty spaces of Hungary, the drafting of a penal code to supplant the tangle of local systems, and a kind of poor law—these were but some of the innovations in which she herself took a hand, with her common sense doing service for the book learning she lacked. When the elector Charles Albert of Bavaria—one of the princes who had joined Frederick in assaulting Habsburg territories—was elected emperor, Maria Theresa was mortified; that dignity, little more than titular by then, had in practice been hereditary in her family for 300 years. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Wikimedia Foundation. He abdicated to declare himself Emperor of Austria because of Napoleon forming the Confederation of the Rhine. Deeply pious, strictly observant, and intolerant to the point of bigotry, she was moving, nonetheless, toward subordinating the church to the authority of the state. Joseph II, Haly Roman Emperor (1741–1790) mairit (1) Princess Isabella o Parma then (2) Princess Maria Josepha o Bavarie an haed issue. 2. The crypt that houses the sarcophagus is the official resting place of the Habsburg line, some 150 members of which were laid to rest there. Because of French objections to the union of Lorraine with the Habsburg lands, Francis Stephen had to exchange his ancestral duchy for the right of succession to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Francis II, the last Holy Roman emperor (1792-1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804-35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792-1830) and king of Bohemia (1792-1836). 8, 1708-18 pawn on Europe ’ s chancelleries humanitarianism, guided all of Maria Theresa thus a., ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806 by unrest as Francis I was the eldest daughter the... Lorraine when he had to give it to France last Roman Emperor to be trained as future. 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