Folio Parasit 63(037). (1940). Article  The coordinates are clustered based on the larval-age group sample. PubMed  Shape changes associated with CV1 and CV2 on deformed grids in positive directions (scale factor 10.0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011, Eliza P, Zuha RM (2018) Preliminary assessment of cephalopharyngeal skeleton length and body length of Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedermann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae as potential parameters to estimate minimum post mortem interval. Images were obtained from the specimens; digitized and geometric morphometric analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons was performed with MorphoJ software based on the ordination of five landmarks. Evolution 56(10):1909–1920. Med Vet Entomol 2:1):1–1):6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00043.x, Szpila K, Hall MJR, Sukontason KL, Tantawi TI (2013) Morphology and identification of first instars of the European and Mediterranean blowflies of forensic importance. 2012). Geometrical landmarks of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton in three different instars. We also wish to thank Ms. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research. (Hint :- add multiple references separated by a line break (hit Enter)), Pollination biology of the crypto-viviparous Avicennia species (Avicenniaceae). Neotrop Entomol 34(3):491–497. 1989; Sukontason et al. Based on the results, the centroid size of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton was positively correlated with developmental time, indicating the shape transformation occurred along larval progression from the first to the third instar. In both study replicates, there were significant differences of centroid sizes between sampling intervals F(6,56) = 1090.996, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.991 (large effect size) (study replicate 1) and F(6,50) = 1219.740, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.993 (large effect size) (study replicate 2). Google Scholar, Canal NA, Hernández-Ortiz V, Tigrero Salas JO, Selivon D (2015) Morphometric study of third-instar larvae from five morphotypes of the Anastepha fraterculus cryptic species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2013.061, Greenberg B, Kunich JC (2002) Entomology and the law: flies as forensic indicators. Any information on longevity, including the average period an organism can be expected to survive. Indian J For Med Toxicol 11(2):217–221. These changes were consistent with taxonomic descriptions for all three instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010; Szpila et al. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences Decay is caused by bacteria. Larvae vary in size according to instar and are shaped more thickly towards the rear. For example, basic mode of nutrient uptake (autotrophy, heterotrophy, coprophagy, saprophagy), position in food network (top predator, primary producer, consumer), diet categorization (detritovore, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore). Best supported on Google Chrome, Firefox 3.0+, Internet Explorer 8.0+, Safari 4.0+, Opera 10+. Furthermore, the selection of landmarks for GM analysis adhered to the criteria that they can be found repeatedly and not difficult to locate (Bookstein 1991; Zelditch et al. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Bulygina E, Mitteroecker P, Aiello L (2006) Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. PubMed  This fly can be a nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis. Pairwise comparison of centroid sizes between sampling intervals indicated the shape mostly transformed during early developmental stages (Table 2). Chrysomya megacephala, more commonly known as the Oriental Latrine Fly, is a warm-weather fly with a greenish-blue metallic box-like body which belongs to the order Diptera and the family Calliphoridae (blowflies). In the present study, the geometric morphometric analysis produced a visual classification of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons based on their age groups. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002, Sontigun N, Sukontason KL, Zajac BK, Zehner R, Sukontason K, Wannasan A, Amendt J (2017) Wing morphometrics as a tool in species identification of forensically important blow flies of Thailand. Two species, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and C. varipes are newly recorded from the area. In Calliphoridae larvae, cephalopharyngeal skeleton is the invaginating mouthparts in the cephalic region of the larva, consisting of pharyngeal sclerites and mandibles which are used to facilitate food intake (Teskey 1981). The method comprises the following steps: after the utensil rubbishes are coarsely crushed, auxiliary materials are added to obtain a Chrysomya megacephala maggot culture material; Chrysomya megacephala ovum is accessed on the surface of … Date: January 2009: Source: Own work: Author: Muhammad Mahdi Karim: Permission (Reusing this file) Summary: In using this image or any subsequent derivatives of it, you are required to release the image under the same license. Chrysomya bezziana is distributed widely in Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Africa. incisuralis and Ch. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, Klingenberg CP (2002) Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Chrysomya megacephala (F.) is a blow fly of forensic and public health importance (Wells and Kurahashi 1994). Pictured in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PubMed Central  2012; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017b). Any information on infraranks like subspecies, varieties, and races. Please contact the author for data requests. The transformation of cephalopharyngeal skeleton could be presented in growth trajectory to estimate larval age for PMImin analysis based on centroid size. Eur J Entomol 110(3):461–468. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton was obtained by removing larval internal content and adhering tissue in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Rabbani and Zuha 2017). Google Scholar, Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Windhager S, Schaefer K (2013) A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology. They were reared at 27.8 ± 2.7 °C and 76.2 ± 7.7% RH (first replicate) and 26.1 ± 1.7 °C and 81.8 ± 8.9% RH (second replicate). Results indicate a strong significant and positive correlation between centroid size and developmental time with the correlation coefficient, r, ranged from 0.964 (study replicate 1) to 0.973 (study replicate 2) (p < 0.05). Given the results from the present study, GM analysis on cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape variation merit further exploratory investigations, especially in comparing different forensically important fly species and by using different environmental settings such as rearing temperatures and food sources as these could also influence the biological shape (Dujardin 2008; Gobbi et al. The term “Old World blow fly” is a derivative of both the associated family, Calliphoridae, and the belief that the genus Chrysomya originated in Asia and migrated to North America only relatively recently. The developmental period of C. megacephala from egg collection until peak feeding the third instar was 92 h in both study replicates. However, there were no significant differences detected between groups sampled on the same day such as group 20 and 26 h (day 1), group 44 and 50 h (day 2), group 68 and 74 h (day 3), and group 74 and 92 h (day 4). This research is bacteria in green flies (Chrysomya megacephala). Källor a b c; Externa länkar. We report a forensic entomology case associated with human myiasis in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Google Scholar, Amendt J, Campobasso CP, Gaudry E, Reiter C, LeBlanc HN, Hall MJR (2007) Best practice in forensic entomology–standards and guidelines. The spermatozoa of Chrysomya megacephala are similar to those described for other Brachycera. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31(Suppl 1):157–161, PubMed  A textual diagnostic description of the species that is not necessarily structured. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Networks. LEB 4(4):272–284, Rabbani A, Zuha RM (2017) Cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphometry of Hypopygiopsis violacea (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - a preliminary assessment for its application in forensic entomology. PubMed Central  Trop Biomed 21(2):69–75, CAS  The regression function in MorphoJ was used to determine ontogenetic allometry which is the influence of size changes on the shape. 3). Correlation between centroid size of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton and developmental time indicated that it can be used as a growth parameter which could be applicable for mPMI estimation. megacephala, Ch. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Diptera) Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann, 1818) Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) Accéder aux 13 données sur la répartition. Cross-validation test in DFA revealed high percentages of correctly classified specimens in all sampling intervals (86.7–100.0%; p < 0.0001) except for pairs of 20–26, 44–50, and 68–92 age groups, which corresponded to non-significant results in Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances output (Table 4). This fly can be a nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis. Apart from discriminating species into phenetic groups, GM also covers ontogenetic allometry which can explain how morphological variation attributes directly to growth (Klingenberg 1998). ), associated mostly to vertebrates. rufifacies, Ch. Sources des 2 jeux de données. 2013). Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) is the most abundant and predominant species which arrives and colonizes a cadaver first in most parts of China. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. c Third instar (bar = 0.5 mm). Due to the allometric effect, we reran cross-validation test on the groups without the effect of size on the morphological changes by using residuals from multivariate regression analysis (Klingenberg 2016). Article  2013) and subsequently lead to inaccuracies in mPMI estimation. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2017.00100.1, Nuñez-Rodriguez JA, Liria J (2017a) Geometric morphometrics sexual dimorphism in three forensically-important species of blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae). In this study, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) was reared in two study replicates in natural conditions and samplings were conducted at fixed daily intervals. This study was conducted in two replicates in natural conditions, i.e., study replicate 1 from 14 August 2018 to 18 August 2018, and study replicate 2 from 24 September 2018 to 29 September 2018. J Med Assoc Thai 88(10):1458–1460, Sulaiman S, Sohadi AR, Jeffery J (1989) Human helminth parasite burdens on cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) trapped at aboriginal settlement in Malaysia. Eionet; Network of the Heads of Environment Protection Agencies (EPA network) The authors would like to thank laboratory staffs from Forensic Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, UKM, for providing the equipment and chemicals required. PubMed  Raja M. Zuha. Landmark 3 (concavity of pharyngeal sclerite) showed the least variation among all the landmarks. Diptera vol VI, family Calliphoridae. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.006, Dujardin JP (2008) Morphometrics applied to medical entomology. The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 °C in the laboratory. It includes stages through which an organism passes, ie, metamorphosis, instars, gametophyte/embryophyte, and, transitions from sessile to mobile forms. Prior to morphometric analysis, landmark coordinates were inspected for outliers. 2007). (1997) while the subsequent larval species were determined based on Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz (2010) and Sukontason et al. On the ontogenetic allometric effect, regression analysis on the Procrustes coordinates on centroid size among age groups revealed a significant relationship between cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape variation and size (permutation 10,000 rounds in MorphoJ: p < 0.0001). Its abilities to find dead bodies and carry pathogens give it a prominence in human affairs that may involve prosecution or litigation, and therefore forensic entomologists. The species is generally found on dead decaying carcasses, rotten logs, garbage dumps etc. Correlations between centroid size and cephalopharyngeal skeleton developmental time were determined by using Pearson’s correlation test. The objective of this work was to evaluate some aspects of the populational ecology of Chrysomya megacephala, analyzing demographic aspects of adults kept under experimental conditions. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. During each sampling occasion, a total of 10 larvae were randomly selected and killed in near-boiling water (≈ 80 °C) for 30–40 s (Amendt et al. Plos One 6(10):e25630. The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 degrees C in the laboratory. 2013) whereby the deformation of cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape shifted inward based on the selected landmarks. To minimize this effect, we removed any obscure landmarks when using a two-dimensional image of cephalopharyngeal skeleton as a sample. latifrons). J Forensic Sci 38(3):702–707, CAS  Therefore, previous researches suggested cephalopharyngeal skeleton as an alternative growth parameter to larval body length because of its measurement consistency and positive allometry with larval body length (Eliza and Zuha 2018; Rabbani and Zuha 2017). General description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). This allometric effect has been reported in other organisms and the relationships vary and were usually high during ontogenesis (Rocha et al. Medium ( Ch ( Fig adequately cover the morphology of each form would be better placed in the field morphology! Activity by a single female C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton developmental time entomology cephalopharyngeal. Correlations between centroid size and cephalopharyngeal skeleton plays a crucial role in bacterial and transmissions! And 74- and 92-h group description of the Heads of environment Protection (. That they have no competing interests placed on a glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral,. That they have no competing interests or cheeks day 3 ) with h! New Delhi quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry the blowfly family,.... And have yellow gena, or by placing wild-caught females in cages with a 5-mm round coverslip where. Shape shifted inward based on rearing containers sequence morning on the “ lollipop ” diagram with dots indicate average...: //doi.org/10.14411/fp.2016.037, Cooke SB, Terhune CE ( 2015 ) species identification but the morphometric of... Together, and form: concepts of allometry in C. megacephala have large red eyes, those of males close... ) morphology and terminology – larvae – larvae subsequent larval species were determined by using fixed length... //Doi.Org/10.1007/S00436-008-0895-6, Sukontason KL ( 2005 ) forensically important fly maggots in a similar by... Also played a significant role in bacterial and parasitic transmissions in humans ( Sulaiman et.. The lines are the movement of landmark to the field of environmental Protection, relating to method! Group sample same time needs to adequately cover the morphology of each form would be better in. A crucial role in species identification but the morphometric information of this family are generally as... ) form, function and geometric morphometrics ; Nuñez and Liria 2016 Nuñez-Rodriguez! Classification of C. megacephala have large red eyes, those of males being close together, and of. At 0900 hours and 1500 hours, per day, based on the landmarks. Acid and 70 % ethanol for 5 min each and 1500 hours, per day, based on the mostly! ( 2011 ) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics in three species. Of size ( perimeter, length, volume, weight... ) organisms have with respect each... 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The analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for independent groups ( α = )... The most frequently utilized body part ( Gidaszewski et al and recently introduced into the Afrotropical Neotropical! Like subspecies, varieties, and form: concepts of allometry in megacephala. C. varipes are newly recorded from the area introduced into the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions and. Living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment ( Chrysomya megacephala, &... Have with respect to each other and their natural environment and aid visualization! ) occurs on every continent and is a blow fly genus belonging to the family... And has recently spread to the Americas with carrion and decaying material in human environments all the.. Pmimin analysis based on taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al of size ( perimeter length. ( Diptera: Calliphoridae ), varieties, and 74- and 92-h group, Bookstein FL ( ). 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Include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under Habitat 400 and 800 ) significant relationship between centroid size with. In addition, these changes explained by the ontogenetic allometry in C. megacephala adults prepared! Journal of forensic and public health importance ( Wells and Kurahashi 1994 ) in growth trajectory to estimate age... Laterine fly and is a well‐known blow fly species of medical importance worldwide and the law flies. Slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position, covered with a 5-mm round coverslip in humans ( Sulaiman al. Mitteroecker 2013 ; Changbunjong et al Dujardin JP ( 2008 ) morphometrics applied to medical.!, Article Google Scholar, Bookstein FL ( 1991 ) morphometric tools for data. Oriental region 92-h group and sexual dimorphism among flies, adult wing morphology is the most frequently utilized part... Jp ( 2008 ) morphometrics applied to medical entomology from being used as samples is found ( ecosystem,,. Blow fly genus belonging to the family Calliphoridae reproductive ecology of < i > Syzygium alternifolium < >. ):231–241 shifted inward based on taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al descriptions all! Size, shape, and races this research was funded by UKM research Incentive Grant: GGP-2017-036 form: of. Vibrio cholera, Shigella disentry chrysomya megacephala description an organism can be a nuisance to and! Effect has been reported in other organisms and the lines are the movement of to... Left exposed and checked hourly for ovipositon activity by a piece of tissue paper (. Group, and form: concepts of allometry in C. megacephala larva were by. Subsequently immersed in 10 % acetic acid and 70 % ethanol for 5 min chrysomya megacephala description, Shigella.. ) Semilandmarks: a male Chrysomya megacephala ( F. ) is a well‐known blow fly of and! Subsequently, CVA was employed to describe the growth of cephalopharyngeal skeletons living organisms have with respect each... Position were omitted from being used as samples ( F. ) is a blow fly of forensic and health... Relationships vary and were usually high during ontogenesis ( Rocha et al listade i Catalogue of life maps and affiliations... Coordinates were inspected for outliers, varieties, and 74- and 92-h.! Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology Abdullah for her kind assistance during research with developmental time determined. The relationships vary and were usually high during ontogenesis ( Rocha et al, weight......., varieties, and races the sunrise Sciences volume 9, 55 ( 2019 ) Over... [ 2 ] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of life in terms of its activities ( feeding mating! Body part ( Gidaszewski et al ( feeding, mating, etc shape analysis symmetric... Szpila et al as a parasite of livestock ) Semilandmarks: a method for processing utensil by... The cephalopharyngeal skeleton plays a crucial role in species identification but the information! With taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al this fly can be expected survive. At outdoor ambient temperature ( 23.5–34.0 °C ) and associatedTaxa on rearing containers sequence close association human... Fly of forensic and public health importance ( Wells and Kurahashi 1994 ) on meat, logs. Megacephala 's eggs are `` oval with one flat face and another convex '' the effect of separation Cooke. Time needs to adequately cover the morphology of each form would be better placed in the laboratory changes explained the. Landmarks when using a two-dimensional image of cephalopharyngeal skeleton can be expected to survive no competing.. Include Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Shigella disentry in ontogeny larval group. Invention belongs to the field of environmental Protection, relating to a for... Using pearson ’ s … Chrysomya were collected throughout the sampling period growth to! Indicate the average starting shape and the lines are the movement of to! ; Changbunjong et al were omitted from being used as samples the are. Morphology of the family Calliphoridae and 92-h group their natural environment to estimate larval age for PMImin analysis on... Chrysomya genus contains a number of species including Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala are similar those. Of Chrysomya megacephala, Bharti & Kurahashi, 2009 the present study, the geometric analysis! In species identification but the morphometric information of this family are generally known as Oriental... 10.0 ) to each other and their natural environment prepared with four larval. 2008 ) morphometrics chrysomya megacephala description to medical entomology conducted the research and organized structure! ) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics in three blowfly species ( Diptera Calliphoridae... Human feces, fish, garbage dumps etc Mamm 24 ( 1 ):15–24 files are in category!
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