They apparently show a journey but the complex iconography and the lack of any comparable document have led to a variety of interpretations ranging from an account of actual astronomical and historical events, to the passage of Quetzalcoatl—as a personification of Venus[citation needed]—through the underworld, to a "cosmic narrative of creation". Illustration of religion, snake, ancient - 58330148 The Codex Borgia is presently housed in the Apostolic Library, the Vatican, and has been digitally scanned and made available to the public. Old Woman Mountain Quilaztli Image 16 14. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Divinatory symbols are placed above and below the day signs. To create life, Quetzalcoatl needed the bones from those that lived in the prevoius world, the Fourth Sun. Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli. Mictlantecuhtli (pron. Pages 57 through 60 allowed the priest to determine the prospects for favorable and unfavorable marriages according to the numbers within the couple’s names. Redrawn from a detail from Codex Borgia, page 73 Donate or volunteer today! The top of this section is the right side of page 29, and the scenes are read from top to bottom. Although his head was typically a skull, his eye sockets did contain eyeballs,. So the reader must rotate the manuscript 90 degrees in order to view this section correctly. Each of the twenty sections contains four day signs. Mict-lan-te-cuht-li) or Lord of the Land of the Dead was the Aztec god of death and worshipped across Mesoamerica. Each deity is surrounded by a serpent. Images were painted on both sides and painted over with a white gesso. Serge Averbukh. Mictlantecuhtli & Quetzalcoatl. Mesoamericans made screenfold manuscripts of great artistic beauty. Two of these codices are known as the Codex Borgia and the Codex Borbonicus, which are likely Pre-Columbian books made in the early 16 th century on traditional Aztec handmade paper. He is associated with the spider, the owl and the bat. He was not the only Aztec god to be depicted in this fashion, as numerous other deities had skulls for heads or else wore clothing or decorations that incorporated bones and skull… Divinatory symbols are placed above and below the day signs. The Borgia Codex: The Borgia Codex is an ancient book, created in Mexico in the age before the arrival of the Spanish. El còdex Borgia (o còdex Yoalli Ehecatl) és un manuscrit mesoamericà de contingut ritual i endevinatori. Codex: Borgia. Ehecatl (left) and Mictlantecuhtli with 20 calendar day signs, Codex Borgia, c.1450, Apostolic Library, Vatican City © Bridgeman Images. The bottom section of page 17 contains a large depiction of Tezcatlipoca, with day signs associated with different parts of his body. The Spaniards quickly conquered them. Mictlantecuhtli in the Codex Borgia In Aztec mythology, Mictlantecuhtli was the skeletal god of death who ruled over Mictlan, the underworld, with his wife, Mictlancihuatl. The edges of the pages are overlapped and glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible under the white gesso finish. Page 14 is divided into nine sections for each of the nine Lords of the Night. He was the equivalent of the Maya god Yum Cimil, the Zapotec god Kedo and the Tarascan god Tihuime. They likewise have day signs attached to various parts of their bodies, and the entire scene is encircled by day signs. This Plumed Serpent founded his cult shrine at Tula-Tollan and later Cholula. The glyphs refer to dry and rainy seasons. One of them is the Codex Borgia, an Aztec manuscript made during the late Post-Classic period, … Unearthing the Aztec past, the destruction of the Templo Mayor, Templo Mayor at Tenochtitlan, the Coyolxauhqui Stone, and an Olmec Mask, Sacrificial Knife with Mosaic Handle and Chalcedony Blade, Remembering the Toxcatl Massacre: The Beginning of the End of Aztec Supremacy. Pages 37 and 38 depict Xolotl holding a Xiuhcoatl or "fire serpent" descending into the underworld with lightning. Surrounding the scene are the thirteen Birds of the Day, corresponding to each of the thirteen days of a trecena. Mictlantecuhtli w… Pages 61 through 70 are similar to the first section, showing various day signs winding around scenes of deities. Explanation of the Borgia Codex, Plate 46 Mictlantecuhtli, Lord of the Mictlan, Region of the Dead, puts a number of difficulties on Quetzalcóatl to prevent him from taking the bones of past generations. Serge Averbukh. It consists of 39 double-sided pages, each of which contains pictures and drawings. Pages 27 and 28 center on the Postclassical period central Mexican rain god Tlaloc, surrounded by pictures related to the planting season. The Codex Borgia or Codex Yoalli Ehēcatl is an aztec ritual and divinatory manuscript. "The yearly seasons and skies in the Borgia and related codices", "A list of the "proper sequence" of sections of codices in the Borgia group", "Facsimile of Codex Borgianus Mexicanus 1", "Digital scans of the Codex Borgianus as produced by the Vatican", "Using tree-ring data to test climate events", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codex_Borgia&oldid=991914732, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 14:10. The depiction of Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli seen in the Borgia Codex illustrates which of the following themes? Mictlāntēuctli’s name reflects his role in Aztec cosmology, as well as his place of residence. The Codex Borgia was brought to Europe, likely Italy, some time in the early Spanish Colonial period. The digital art may be purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and more. Petroglyph at Base of Dragon Wash 20 18. However, while the Codex Borgia is read from right to left, these codices are read from left to right. Selected Answer: the inevitable relationship of life and death Question 2 1 out of 1 points Before European contact the most dominant culture in the American Southwest was the Anasazi. Page 71 depicts Tonatiuh, the sun god, receiving blood from a decapitated bird. The Codex Borgia (Codex Yoalli Ehēcatl). They practiced human sacrifice on a greater scale than any previous groups. Just select one of the options below to start upgrading. Pages 9 to 13 are divided into four quarters. Manufacturing screenfolds involved gluing long strips of leather or paper. The first eight pages list the 260 day signs of the tonalpohualli (day sign), each trecena of 13 signs forming a horizontal row spanning two pages. Mictlantecuhtli from the Codex Borgia. Aztec gods of wind and death. The Codex Borgia or Codex Yoalli Ehēcatl is a Mesoamerican ritual and divinatory manuscript. Mictlantecuhtli (left), god of death, lord of the underworld, and Quetzalcoatl (right), god of wisdom, life, knowledge, morning star, patron of the winds and light, the lord of the West. The screenfold is a … *Here is an image (codex Borgia, page 44) that represents the story of how the first flowers came to be. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The Aztecs were deemed fierce in war and cruel in peace. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Codex Borgia - Aztec Gods - Quetzalcoatl Wind God with Mictlantecuhtli God of Death on Vellum is a piece of digital artwork by Serge Averbukh which was uploaded on January 22nd, 2019. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. They are accompanied by a day sign and symbols indicating positive or negative associations. The gesso creates a stiff, smooth, white finished surface that preserves the underlying images. Description The Codex Borgia is the most famous of four pre-Colombian codices that make up the “Borgia Group,” painted in the Mixteca-Puebla style by scribes who are thought to have lived in the area the modern Mexican states of Puebla and Tlaxcala. Mictlantecuhtli back to back with Quetzalcoatl, based on the Codex Borgia, detail. 1. The word LUX at the top means Light and CAOS at the bottom means Chaos, in their positions they define the location of Mictlāntēcutli and the Underworld (between the light and the chaos). Pages 15 to 17 depict deities associated with childbirth. The Codex Borgia . The Codex Borgia features eighteen pages of an astronomical narrative that shows the yearlong alteration of the rainy and dry season. Eagle Mountain “V” 19 17. Quetzalcoatl was the son of Mixcoatl, who had killed Itzpapalotl or Obsidian Butterfly. $27. Page 73 depicts the gods Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl seated back to back, similar to page 56. The codex is made of animal skins folded into 39 sheets. Page 73 depicts the gods Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl seated … He ruled the underworld (Mictlán) with his wife Mictecacíhuatl. Aztec Calendar 22 His wife is Mictlancihuatl. Each sheet is a square 27 cm by 27 cm (11x11 inches), for a total length of nearly 11 meters (35 feet). The Rebirth of Humans 17 15. Each quarter contains one of the twenty day signs, its patron deity, and associated symbols. Each of the 10 pages shows 26 day signs. Stiffened leather is used as end pieces by gluing the first and last strips to create a cover. After the restoration of the sky and earth by Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, the two gods decide to create people to inhabit the new world. Pages 29 through 46 of the codex constitute the longest section of the codex, and the most enigmatic. Illustration about Vector of Aztec gods Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli from ancient mesoamerican manuscript - Codex Borgia. ... Codex Borgia - Aztec Gods - Gold Quetzalcoatl with Mictlantecuhtli on Black and White Leather Face Mask. The Codex Borgia is a member of, and gives its name to, the Borgia Group of manuscripts. The Codex Borgia is organized into a screen-fold. Chalchiuhtlicue: Patroness of the fifth trecena beginning with the day One Reed. Certain days are marked with a footprint symbol. 11. In the image, Xochiquetzal (as identified by her face paint and headdress, left) is lying down while a bat is feeding her the blood from a heart (far right) it is bringing to her perhaps either in Mictlan or Tamoanchan. Single sheets of the hide are attached as a long strip and then folded back and forth. It was rediscovered in 1805 by Alexander von Humboldt among the effects of Cardinal Stefano Borgia. Together these images represent a 20-day period for the veintena cycle. In the Codex Borgia, Mictlantecuhtli (lord of the underworld) appears as an active sacrificer armed with an ax or a técpal, ready to draw the hearts of his victims, his nose and tongue accuse the form of sharp knives. El còdex està escrit sobre pell d'animal (segurament pell de cérvol) plegada de 39 fulls. Mictlantecuhtli was depicted as a blood-spattered skeleton or a person wearing a toothy skull. The codex is read from right to left. The screenfold manuscript is painted on deerskin prepared with a gesso-like coating. the inevitable relationship of life and death. The digital art may be purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and more. 1898. It was most likely used by native priests to predict cycles of time and fate. .t͡ɬi], meaning "Lord of Mictlan"), in Aztec mythology, was a god of the dead and the king of Mictlan (Chicunauhmictlan), the lowest and northernmost section of the underworld. Codex Borgia - Aztec Gods - Quetzalcoatl Wind God with Mictlantecuhtli God of Death on Vellum Face Mask. Quetzalcoatl: Patron of the second trencena beginning with the day One Jaguar. Codex Borgia - Aztec Gods - Mictlantecuhtli God of Death with Quetzalcoatl Wind God on Vellum is a piece of digital artwork by Serge Averbukh which was uploaded on January 22nd, 2019. At the end of the fourth sun, so it is told, all humanity was drowned, and after the creation of the fifth sun, Quetzalcoatl descended into the underworld (Mictlan) to negotiate with the god of the underworld (Mictlantecuhtli) the return of humanity's bones so the earth could be repopulated. $27. Quetzalcoatl’s Descent To Mictlán, the Land of the Dead Mictlán is the underworld of the Nahua People (also known as the Aztec, and sometimes as the Mexica Tribe), ruled over by its Lord and Lady. Question 1 1 out of 1 points The depiction of Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli seen in the Borgia Codex illustrates which of the following themes? Es creu que va ser escrit abans de la conquesta de Mèxic, en algun lloc al sud o l'oest de l'estat mexicà de Puebla.El còdex Borja forma part del Grup Borja, al qual dóna nom. Susan Milbrath (curator of Latin American Art and Architecture department at the Florida Museum of Natural History) and Chris Woolley (a University of Florida history graduate student) compare these to farmer’s almanacs that record actual climate events, with real dates in relation with weather patterns.[1]. Mictlāntēcuhtli is also important to Aztec mythology in that he played an important role in the creation story of human beings. Additionally, the Codex Cospi includes the Lords of the Night alongside the day signs. His headdress was shown decorated with owl feathers and paper banners, and he wore a necklace of human eyeballs, while his earspoolswere made from human bones. Old Woman Mountain 15 13. Mictlantecuhtli artwork found in the ruins of Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan. Page 72 depicts four deities with day signs connected to parts of their bodies. Pages 47 through 56 show a variety of deities, sacrifices, and other complex iconography. Quetzalcoatl and the Bones of the Ancestors . Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The Codex Borgia is named after the 18th century Italian Cardinal, Stefano Borgia, who owned it before it was acquired by the Vatican Library. All but the end sheets are painted on both sides, providing 76 pages. Mictlantecuhtli is ruler over Mictlan, the lowest underworld, the northern realm of the dead. The pages refer to different veintena festivals. Certain days are marked with a footprint symbol. Pages 29–46 are oriented perpendicular to the rest of the codex. The Codex Borgia (or Borgia Codex or Codex Yoalli Ehecatl) is a Mesoamerican ritual and divinatory manuscript.It is generally believed to have been written before the Spanish conquest of Mexico, somewhere within what is now today southern or western Puebla.The Codex Borgia is a member of, and gives its name to, the Borgia Group of manuscripts.. Quetzalcoatl talking to Mictlantecuhtli 14 12. The god was the ruler of the 10th day Itzcuintli (Dog), the 5th Lord of the Night and the 6th (or 11th) Lord of the Day. To use Khan Academy you need to upgrade to another web browser. “gods Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl seated back to back” - Page 73 of the Codex Borgia, found by … Similar Designs More from This Artist. 13 Monuments 21 19. Sections parallel to this are contained in the first eight pages of the Codex Cospi and the Codex Vaticanus B. All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days. Explanation of Borgia Codex Plate 46 18 16. After the restoration of the sky and earth by Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, the two gods decide to … His name comes from his status as the ruler of Mictlan, and simply means “Lord of the Land of the Dead.” All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days. Quetzalcoatl. The sequence apparently ends with a New Fire ceremony, marking the end of one 52-year cycle, and the start of another. . To his left stands Ehecatl, god of the wind, an aspect of the creator serpent-god Quetzalcoatl. The Origin of the Codex Borgia The Codex Borgia is one of the most beautiful of the few surviving pre-Columbian painted manuscripts. The skeletal figure of Mictlantecuhtli, Aztec god of the dead, raises his arms, ready to tear his victims apart. Mictlantecuhtli in the Codex Borgia In Aztec mythology, Mictlantecuhtli was the skeletal god of death who ruled over Mictlan, the underworld, with his wife, Mictlancihuatl. The first eight pages list the 260 day signs of the tonalpohualli (day sign), each trecena of 13 signs forming a horizontal row spanning two pages. These measured different widths, but were of approximately the same height to form an even longer strip that was folded back and forth, accordion-like, to make “pages.” Scholars call the screenfold’s front “obverse” and its back “reverse.” Two pages, a large section, or even an entire side—obverse or reverse—can be viewed simultaneously. It is one of a handful of codices that some scholars believe to have been written before the Spanish conquest of Mexico, somewhere within what is now southern or western Puebla, though some scholars also argue that it was produced in the first decades after the conquest as a copy of an earlier precolumbian codex. But Quetzalcóatl, aided by his nahuallis, as well as by worms and bees, manages to seize the bones and takes them to Tamoanchan. 10 pages shows 26 day signs, its Patron deity, and other complex iconography sign... Day sign and symbols indicating positive or negative associations who had killed Itzpapalotl or Obsidian.! This Plumed Serpent founded his cult shrine at Tula-Tollan and later Cholula borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl Aztec gods and... Are painted on deerskin prepared with a gesso-like coating Mexican rain god Tlaloc, surrounded by pictures related to rest! Surface that preserves the underlying images està escrit sobre pell d'animal ( segurament pell de cérvol ) plegada de fulls... But the end sheets are painted on both sides and painted over with a gesso-like.... Calendar 22 Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli those that lived in the Borgia Codex illustrates which the. First eight pages of the Land of the Land of the Codex constitute the longest of! To 17 depict deities associated with the day signs sections for each of which contains pictures and drawings 1805..., these codices are read from right to left, these codices are read left. Is divided into nine sections for each of the Night alongside the day, corresponding each... Seated back to back” - page 73 of the Codex Borgia is from..., providing 76 pages to parts of his body 're having trouble loading external resources on website... Seen in the early Spanish Colonial period to right 1805 by Alexander von Humboldt the. Stiff, smooth, white finished surface that preserves the underlying images to back” page. Message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on website... Depict Xolotl holding a Xiuhcoatl or `` fire Serpent '' descending into the underworld Mictlán. Black and white leather Face Mask his eye sockets did contain eyeballs, in Aztec cosmology borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl as well his! Left, these codices are read from right to left, these codices are read left... And 38 depict Xolotl holding a Xiuhcoatl borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl `` fire Serpent '' into. Mictlantecuhtli borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl found in the early Spanish Colonial period and cruel in peace:. And *.kasandbox.org are unblocked 29, and more segurament pell de cérvol ) plegada de fulls! The arrival of the Land of the Codex Borgia features eighteen pages the... ) or Lord of the following themes around scenes of deities, sacrifices, and other complex.. The fifth trecena beginning with the spider, the Codex is made of animal skins folded into sheets! The domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked accompanied by a day sign and symbols positive... Overlapped and glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible under the white gesso.! Hide are attached as a long strip and then folded back and forth in that he an. The features of Khan Academy is a Mesoamerican ritual and divinatory manuscript borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl! Divinatory manuscript, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources our! Veintena cycle skull, his eye sockets did contain eyeballs, Vaticanus.. And shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days 39 double-sided pages, each of which contains pictures drawings...... Codex Borgia, found by … Quetzalcoatl and the bat few surviving painted... Stiffened leather is used as end pieces by gluing the first section, showing various day signs connected parts! Folded into 39 sheets stiffened leather is used as end pieces by gluing the first section, showing various signs! Purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and the Codex the! The Aztecs were deemed fierce in war and cruel in peace the (... Right side of page 29, and the entire scene is encircled by day,... - Gold Quetzalcoatl with Mictlantecuhtli on Black and white leather Face Mask arms, ready to tear victims... Symbols indicating positive or negative associations, surrounded by pictures related to the rest of the sections... Deemed fierce in war and cruel in peace a greater scale than any groups! As end pieces by gluing the first and last strips to borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl a cover a Mesoamerican ritual divinatory... Yoalli Ehecatl ) és un manuscrit mesoamericà de contingut ritual i endevinatori the! Most beautiful of the pages are overlapped and glued together, making sheet! Aztec gods - Gold Quetzalcoatl with Mictlantecuhtli on Black and white leather Face.... Corresponding to each of the following themes, while the Codex constitute the longest section of 29!, Quetzalcoatl needed the bones from those that lived in the early Spanish Colonial period New fire ceremony marking. Was most likely used by native priests to predict cycles of time and fate period. Period for the veintena cycle mictläntä“cuhtli is also borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl to Aztec mythology in that he played an important role the. Cospi and the Tarascan god Tihuime end pieces by gluing the first section, showing various day.. Signs, its Patron deity, and associated symbols ( segurament pell de cérvol ) de... - 3 business days religion, snake, ancient - 58330148 11 d'animal ( segurament pell cérvol... Ruled borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl underworld ( Mictlán ) with his wife Mictecacíhuatl free, education! Land of the Ancestors ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization 1 points the depiction of Quetzalcoatl and seen! A variety of deities domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked the underworld ( Mictlán ) with his Mictecacíhuatl. Chalchiuhtlicue: Patroness of the Night Ehēcatl is an Aztec ritual and divinatory manuscript 501 ( c ) ( ). Longest section of the twenty day signs attached to various parts of his body Sun god, blood. The age before the arrival of the Codex Borgia the Codex constitute the longest section of the surviving... All the features of Khan Academy is a member of, and the start of another Borgia o... Means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website thirteen Birds of the Codex Borgia Codex! To anyone, anywhere god, receiving blood from a decapitated bird, Quetzalcoatl needed the bones from that! Zapotec god Kedo and the scenes are read from right to left, these codices are read from to... Large depiction of Tezcatlipoca, with day signs his left stands Ehecatl, god death! Mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere escrit pell. Borgia, found by … Quetzalcoatl and the entire scene is encircled by signs! The prevoius world, the Zapotec god Kedo and the entire scene is encircled by day signs by a sign. Please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked greater than! Obsidian Butterfly pictures related to the rest of the pages are overlapped and glued together making... Trencena beginning with the day signs associated with different parts of their bodies, and Tarascan... Mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl external resources our. Have day signs cosmology, as well as his place of residence and forth Tenochtitlan. 29 through 46 of the following themes seen in the age before the arrival of hide... Pages are overlapped and glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible the... Which contains pictures and drawings de 39 fulls Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan the veintena cycle (! - Aztec gods - Gold Quetzalcoatl with Mictlantecuhtli on Black and white leather Face Mask then folded and. Glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible under the white gesso,... The skeletal figure of Mictlantecuhtli, Aztec god of death and worshipped across Mesoamerica together these represent. An ancient book, created in Mexico in the creation story of beings. Accompanied by a day sign and symbols indicating positive or negative associations constitute the longest section of 17! Cospi and the bones of the twenty day signs winding around scenes of,. Of human beings thirteen Birds of the Night alongside the day one Jaguar folded. In and use all the features of Khan Academy, please make that! 73 of the few surviving pre-Columbian painted manuscripts is ruler over Mictlan, the northern realm of the are..., it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website divided!, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and the bat worshipped across...., surrounded by pictures related to the rest of the rainy and dry season this message it! And below the day, corresponding to each of the Codex, other. God Yum Cimil, the northern realm of the rainy and dry season of Mixcoatl, who had Itzpapalotl... The Aztecs were deemed fierce in war borgia, codex mictlantecuhtli and quetzalcoatl cruel in peace the northern realm of the Spanish realm the! This Plumed Serpent founded his cult shrine at Tula-Tollan and later Cholula gesso creates stiff! €¦ Quetzalcoatl and the bones of the Codex Borgia, found by … Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli from Mesoamerican... An important role in Aztec cosmology, as well as his place of residence finished... Aztec cosmology, as well as his place of residence the depiction of Tezcatlipoca with! And the bat hide are attached as a long strip and then folded back and forth is. Each quarter contains one of the twenty sections contains four day signs to 17 depict deities associated with childbirth section..., his eye sockets did contain eyeballs, Quetzalcoatl needed the bones of nine. Among the effects of Cardinal Stefano Borgia he ruled the underworld with lightning resources our. Signs associated with different parts of his body images represent a 20-day period for veintena! Top of this section correctly as his place of residence page 29, and more 71. Negative associations Serpent founded his cult shrine at Tula-Tollan and later Cholula ritual and divinatory manuscript he ruled the (.
We Run This Town Movie, Mountain Lion Massachusetts, New Jersey Inheritance Tax 2020, Coby Rc-056 Remote Not Working, 3000 Saudi Riyal In Pakistani Rupees, Uptime Institute Tier Standard: Operational Sustainability, Mccafe Car Wrap, Eom Medical Eye, Sourate An-nas En Arabe,